|
Richard P. Smiraglia is an American information scientist and prominent figure in the field of knowledge organization. Smiraglia is currently a full professor in the School of Information Studies at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. He is editor-in-chief of the journal ''Knowledge Organization'' and a cataloging theorist perhaps best known for his work concerning two concepts pertaining to bibliographic control, information retrieval, and knowledge organization: a definition of the meaning of a “work” derived from empirical and semiotic analysis, and “instantiation,” the phenomenon of an information object realized in time. Smiraglia, a one-time flautist who holds a B.A. in music from Lewis & Clark College (1973),〔Smiraglia, Richard P. (n.d). Bio. School of information studies: UW-Milaukee. Retrieved from http://www4.uwm.edu/sois/people/profiles/smiragli.cfm〕 is also known for his work concerning music description and music information storage and retrieval〔Popp, Mary Pagliero, and Diane Dallis. ''Planning and implementing resource discovery tools in academic libraries''. IGI Global, 2012, p. 663.〕 He earned a Masters of Divinity from The General Theological Seminary of the Episcopal Church (1997) as well and is an Episcopalian priest.〔 Currently Professor〔http://www4.uwm.edu/sois/people/profiles/smiragli.cfm〕 and member of the Information Organization Research Group at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Smiraglia has taught at Long Island University (1993-2009), Columbia University (1987-1993), and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (1974-1986).〔Smiraglia, Richard P.. (n.d.) Curriculm vita. Retrieved from https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/groups/sois/webdocs/cv/smiraglia_richard.pdf〕 == A Work == In ''The Nature of “A Work”: Implications for the Organization of Knowledge'', published in 2001, Smiraglia provides a history of the treatment and role of works (as in literary works, musical works, etc. – intellectual or artistic creations) in catalogs and a survey of empirical research into the work phenomenon. Traditional modern library catalogs, Smiraglia observes, were designed to “inventory (first) and retrieve (second) specific documents,”〔Smiraglia, Richard P. (2003). The history of "the work" in the modern catalog. ''Cataloging & Classification Quarterly'', 53(3/4), 553-567, p. 557.〕 and were built “on an assumption that there was a correspondence between a book and the work it contained – one item, one work, and vice versa."〔Smiraglia 2003, p. 563.〕 Works don’t equal documents (in book form or otherwise), however; Smiraglia delineates between these two concepts and that of “text”: :“A text is the set of words that constitute a writing. A text is not the same as a document, which is the physical container (an item) on which the text is recorded… A work is the set of ideas created probably by an author or perhaps a composer, or other artist, set into a document using text, with the intention of being communicated to a receiver… A work may have many texts and may appear in many different documents.”〔Smiraglia, Richard P. (2001). ''The nature of "a work": Implications for the organization of knowledge''. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, pp. 3-4.〕 The problems with assuming a one-to-one document/work correspondence started to become apparent by the middle of the twentieth century when an explosion of information in the century’s first half and the publishing industry together yielded a “multiplicity of editions of major works.”〔Smiraglia 2003, p. 557.〕 The idea began to take hold that a work – a set of abstract ideational content – is greater than a single a book or document and is actually a collection of sporadically varying instantiations of that ideational content. Many attempts followed to define work and the relationships between it and the various instances and forms in which it appears. One of the best known is the FRBR entity-relationship model, which Smiraglia credits with providing “the separate identification, for the first time in the history of bibliographic control, of ‘the work’ as an essential and distinct bibliographic entity.”〔Smiraglia, Richard P.. (2007). Bibliographic families and superworks. In Arlene G. Taylor (Ed.), ''Understanding FRBR: What it is and how it will affect our retrieval tools'' (pp. 73-86). Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited, p. 73.〕 In the FRBR model, a work is a distinct intellectual or artistic creation (for instance, Shakespeare’s ''Romeo and Juliet''); an expression is an intellectual or artistic realization of a work (the original language text of the play); a manifestation physically embodies a work’s expression (a 2007 edition of the First Quarto of ''Romeo and Juliet'' from Cambridge University Press); and an item is a single exemplar of a manifestation (a single copy of the edition of ''Romeo and Juliet'' just mentioned). Through empirical and semiotic analysis of the work phenomenon, Smiraglia derives a somewhat more complex definition: “A work is a signifying, concrete set of ideational conceptions that finds realization through semantic or symbolic expression.”〔Smiraglia 2001, p. 129.〕 In this conception, the work is not a purely abstract entity; it still represents abstract intellectual or artistic content, but it can only be perceived and considered through instances of its realization – the texts in which it finds expression. Works and texts, the ideational content and semantic content, are inextricably linked. Smiraglia finds an analogy in linguistics and semiotics. Much as with Saussure’s linguistic sign, in which the signified (concept) and signifier (sound-images) combine to form a linguistic object, ideational content (concepts) couples with semantic content (text or symbolic images) to form an object of cultural communication.〔Smiraglia 2001, p. 124.〕 And just as linguistic signifiers evolve over time, subject to the vicissitudes of the culture in which they occur and the changing perceptions of their receivers, the texts that express a work are likewise volatile and subject to the same vicissitudes, making the work and its cultural signification similarly mutable. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Richard P. Smiraglia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|